Russian Terms-1919
Nationalism: A strong sense of patriotic loyalty within a country or group.
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V.I. Lenin: A Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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POST WW1 TIMELINE
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
WHEN: 1919.
WHERE: Paris.
WHAT: A meeting held in Paris to discuss and develop post WW1 treaties. The international meeting involved representatives from over 32 countries and nationalities. However, the treaties did lack the agreement of important nations such as Russia. The "Big four" Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy, for the most part, controlled the meeting and the outcome.
WHY: The purpose of the meeting was to set peace terms for the defeated central powers and deal with the financial penalties post-war.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: The formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, which led to the formation of the League of Nations. These Treaties were the official end of WW1. The treaties reshaped Europe’s borders. Germany was harshly given all the blame for the war and massive reparation depts. It created tensions between Germany and the other countries that would later become the cause of WW2.
THE FORMATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
WHEN: 1919-1946, but the first meeting took place on January 16th, 1920.
WHERE: The meetings were held in Geneva, but the organization consisted of representatives from around the world.
WHAT: The first international organization established to maintain world peace. The league was the brain-child of United States President Woodrow Wilson; however, the United States did not join. At the leagues strongest point, it consisted of 58 members. The number of members fluctuated throughout the years.
WHY: To maintain world prosperity and peace, and to prevent another world war.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: The aggression of the Axis powers grew and the league was unable to reach an agreement. The Great Powers were unwilling to provide an army for the organization. The organization relied on appeasement and disarmament to cool down the hostility instead of using force. The league was ultimately unsuccessful in maintaining peace. It was the first international organization who's main intention was to maintain global peace. Became the building ground for the United Nations.
INVASION OF MANCHURIA
WHEN: The invasion began on the 18th of September, 1931 and lasted until the 27th of February, 1932.
(5 months, 1 week and 1 day)
WHERE: Manchuria, Republic of China.
WHAT: The invasion began after the Manchuria Incident where the Japanese Kwangtung Army bombarded Chinese troops in Manchuria in an attempt to expand their empire by gaining control of the province and eventually all of Asia.
WHY: At the beginning of the 20th century, Japan was becoming a modern industrial economy. And after WW1, Japan emerged with great economic strength and became very influential in the global market. When the depression hit, it drastically weakened Japans economy because they were very dependent on trade due to their lack of natural resources. The government had no solution for this economic downturn and they feared this would make them look weak. Japan invaded Manchuria to gain new colonies and expand their industries.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: The League demanded that japan withdraw their invasion, but Japan ignored continuing their invasion and were successful. Japan renamed it Manchukuo and maintained their military bases that were established. To determine the cause, the League of Nations commissioned the Lytton report. The report declared Japan the aggressor and they then resigned from the League. The League of Nations proved to be powerless against aggression. The US boycotted japan after the invasion. It revealed major flaws in the League and created strong tension between Japan and other countries.
INVASION OF ETHIOPIA
WHEN: October 3, 1935.
WHERE: Northeast Africa, Ethiopia.
WHAT: Benito Mussolini, leader of fascist Italy, ordered Italian troops to invade Ethiopia with the intentions of occupying and securing it as a new Italian colony. It was the first time Italian armed forces used mustard gas and phosgene in combat.
WHY: Mussolini's primary objective was to begin Italy's expansion, and in the long run, create an Italian Empire similar to Rome. Ethiopia army was believed to be relatively weak and vulnerable to attack. If Italy was able to secure Ethiopia, it would able them to have a direct connection between Italian Somaliland and Eritrea.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: Italy was successful but the Abyssinians did not surrender to the Italian forces. This colonial war exposed the major flaws and weaknesses of the League of Nations. In its attempt to settle the aggression the League proved to be very unsuccessful. In 1896, at the battle of Adowa, Italian forces had been defeated by Ethiopia and Mussolini sought revenge.
THE RUHR OCCUPATION
WHEN: Between 1923 and 1925.
WHERE: The Ruhr is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
WHAT: In 1923, French and Belgium troops occupied the Ruhr coalfields in Germany to enforce their war reparation payments.
WHY: The Treaty of Versailles declared Germany the aggressor and main cause of WW1. Along with the blame, Germany was obligated to pay massive war reparations to various countries, mainly France. Germany’s debt was so huge that it hindered its industries and made their economy spiral downward making the debt that much harder to pay. Germany was soon frequently lagging in their debt payments, and as a way to enforce the payments, France and Belgium took action by occupying the Ruhr.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?:The occupation created international sympathy for Germany. People began to question the severity of the terms under the Treaty of Versailles. Throughout the occupation, approximately 130 German civilians were killed. Britain disagreed with France’s action, believing that imperialism drove the occupation. The crisis angered Germany and furthered their relationship with France and Belgium. It accelerated the formation of Germany’s right-wing parties. The Dawes Plan was implemented in 1924 to solve the reparations problem and resolve the crisis. The plan was successful in solving the crisis but it did not solve Germany’s debt problem.
THE MAGINOT LINE
WHEN: Built 1930–1940
In use 1935–1969
WHERE: France's borders with Germany and Italy.
WHAT:A concrete construct that spanned France’s borders with Germany an Italy. It was designed to be a complete defense barrier able to stop tanks, artillery casemates, and machine gun posts.
WHY:The defensive wall was built to prevent any invasions from the East and to buy French forces enough time to mobilize and have a direct battle with German forces. The wall was also an attempt to save manpower. Military experts believed it to be a work of genius.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?:Germany defeated the French army by invading through Belgium then flanking the Maginot Line, allowing their forces to continue and conquer France in six weeks. The structure proved to be strategically ineffective, and the cost of maintaining such a large defense line meant drastic cuts in other parts of the French Armed Forces. The failure of the Maginot Line showed how times were changing, weaponry and tactics were developing, and large fortifications such as these were things of the past.
WHERE: Paris.
WHAT: A meeting held in Paris to discuss and develop post WW1 treaties. The international meeting involved representatives from over 32 countries and nationalities. However, the treaties did lack the agreement of important nations such as Russia. The "Big four" Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy, for the most part, controlled the meeting and the outcome.
WHY: The purpose of the meeting was to set peace terms for the defeated central powers and deal with the financial penalties post-war.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: The formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, which led to the formation of the League of Nations. These Treaties were the official end of WW1. The treaties reshaped Europe’s borders. Germany was harshly given all the blame for the war and massive reparation depts. It created tensions between Germany and the other countries that would later become the cause of WW2.
THE FORMATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
WHEN: 1919-1946, but the first meeting took place on January 16th, 1920.
WHERE: The meetings were held in Geneva, but the organization consisted of representatives from around the world.
WHAT: The first international organization established to maintain world peace. The league was the brain-child of United States President Woodrow Wilson; however, the United States did not join. At the leagues strongest point, it consisted of 58 members. The number of members fluctuated throughout the years.
WHY: To maintain world prosperity and peace, and to prevent another world war.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: The aggression of the Axis powers grew and the league was unable to reach an agreement. The Great Powers were unwilling to provide an army for the organization. The organization relied on appeasement and disarmament to cool down the hostility instead of using force. The league was ultimately unsuccessful in maintaining peace. It was the first international organization who's main intention was to maintain global peace. Became the building ground for the United Nations.
INVASION OF MANCHURIA
WHEN: The invasion began on the 18th of September, 1931 and lasted until the 27th of February, 1932.
(5 months, 1 week and 1 day)
WHERE: Manchuria, Republic of China.
WHAT: The invasion began after the Manchuria Incident where the Japanese Kwangtung Army bombarded Chinese troops in Manchuria in an attempt to expand their empire by gaining control of the province and eventually all of Asia.
WHY: At the beginning of the 20th century, Japan was becoming a modern industrial economy. And after WW1, Japan emerged with great economic strength and became very influential in the global market. When the depression hit, it drastically weakened Japans economy because they were very dependent on trade due to their lack of natural resources. The government had no solution for this economic downturn and they feared this would make them look weak. Japan invaded Manchuria to gain new colonies and expand their industries.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: The League demanded that japan withdraw their invasion, but Japan ignored continuing their invasion and were successful. Japan renamed it Manchukuo and maintained their military bases that were established. To determine the cause, the League of Nations commissioned the Lytton report. The report declared Japan the aggressor and they then resigned from the League. The League of Nations proved to be powerless against aggression. The US boycotted japan after the invasion. It revealed major flaws in the League and created strong tension between Japan and other countries.
INVASION OF ETHIOPIA
WHEN: October 3, 1935.
WHERE: Northeast Africa, Ethiopia.
WHAT: Benito Mussolini, leader of fascist Italy, ordered Italian troops to invade Ethiopia with the intentions of occupying and securing it as a new Italian colony. It was the first time Italian armed forces used mustard gas and phosgene in combat.
WHY: Mussolini's primary objective was to begin Italy's expansion, and in the long run, create an Italian Empire similar to Rome. Ethiopia army was believed to be relatively weak and vulnerable to attack. If Italy was able to secure Ethiopia, it would able them to have a direct connection between Italian Somaliland and Eritrea.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?: Italy was successful but the Abyssinians did not surrender to the Italian forces. This colonial war exposed the major flaws and weaknesses of the League of Nations. In its attempt to settle the aggression the League proved to be very unsuccessful. In 1896, at the battle of Adowa, Italian forces had been defeated by Ethiopia and Mussolini sought revenge.
THE RUHR OCCUPATION
WHEN: Between 1923 and 1925.
WHERE: The Ruhr is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
WHAT: In 1923, French and Belgium troops occupied the Ruhr coalfields in Germany to enforce their war reparation payments.
WHY: The Treaty of Versailles declared Germany the aggressor and main cause of WW1. Along with the blame, Germany was obligated to pay massive war reparations to various countries, mainly France. Germany’s debt was so huge that it hindered its industries and made their economy spiral downward making the debt that much harder to pay. Germany was soon frequently lagging in their debt payments, and as a way to enforce the payments, France and Belgium took action by occupying the Ruhr.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?:The occupation created international sympathy for Germany. People began to question the severity of the terms under the Treaty of Versailles. Throughout the occupation, approximately 130 German civilians were killed. Britain disagreed with France’s action, believing that imperialism drove the occupation. The crisis angered Germany and furthered their relationship with France and Belgium. It accelerated the formation of Germany’s right-wing parties. The Dawes Plan was implemented in 1924 to solve the reparations problem and resolve the crisis. The plan was successful in solving the crisis but it did not solve Germany’s debt problem.
THE MAGINOT LINE
WHEN: Built 1930–1940
In use 1935–1969
WHERE: France's borders with Germany and Italy.
WHAT:A concrete construct that spanned France’s borders with Germany an Italy. It was designed to be a complete defense barrier able to stop tanks, artillery casemates, and machine gun posts.
WHY:The defensive wall was built to prevent any invasions from the East and to buy French forces enough time to mobilize and have a direct battle with German forces. The wall was also an attempt to save manpower. Military experts believed it to be a work of genius.
OUTCOME/SO WHAT?:Germany defeated the French army by invading through Belgium then flanking the Maginot Line, allowing their forces to continue and conquer France in six weeks. The structure proved to be strategically ineffective, and the cost of maintaining such a large defense line meant drastic cuts in other parts of the French Armed Forces. The failure of the Maginot Line showed how times were changing, weaponry and tactics were developing, and large fortifications such as these were things of the past.